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An overview of the political and transportation history of the Czech Republic. 

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Political History:

1. Early History: The Czech lands have a rich history, with the earliest known inhabitants dating back to the Paleolithic era. Slavic tribes settled in the region during the 6th century.
2. Great Moravian Empire: In the 9th century, the Great Moravian Empire emerged, incorporating parts of present-day Czech Republic. It played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity in the region.
3. Formation of Czech Statehood: The Duchy of Bohemia was established in the 9th century, eventually becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 under the rule of King Ottokar I.
4. Habsburg Rule: The Habsburg monarchy gained control over Bohemia in the 16th century, leading to the Czech lands becoming an integral part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
5. First Czechoslovak Republic: After World War I, Czechoslovakia was formed in 1918, including Czech and Slovak territories. Tomas Masaryk became the first president.
6. World War II and Communist Era: Nazi Germany occupied Czechoslovakia during World War II. After the war, the country came under Soviet influence, leading to the establishment of a communist regime in 1948. The Prague Spring in 1968, an attempt at political liberalization, was crushed by Soviet intervention.
7. Velvet Revolution: The fall of communism came in 1989 with the Velvet Revolution, a peaceful protest led by Vaclav Havel. Czechoslovakia transitioned to democracy, and Havel became its first post-communist president.
8. Czech Republic’s Independence: In 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into two separate countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, leading to the establishment of the current political structure.
9. European Union and NATO: The Czech Republic joined the European Union in 2004 and NATO in 1999, solidifying its place in the European political landscape.

Transportation History:

1. Historical Roads and Trade Routes: The Czech lands have been a crossroads for trade routes since medieval times. Roads such as the Amber Road and the Royal Route played significant roles in connecting the region to other parts of Europe.
2. Railways: The development of railways in the 19th century, during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, greatly improved transportation. The first railway in the Czech lands connected Vienna and Brno in 1837.
3. Automobiles: The Czech Republic has a strong automotive history. Companies like Skoda, founded in 1895, played a crucial role in the development of the automobile industry. Skoda continues to be a major player in the global automotive market.
4. Public Transportation: Prague has an extensive public transportation system, including buses, trams, and a metro system. It is known for its efficiency and connectivity.
5. Air Transportation: Prague’s Vaclav Havel Airport is the main international gateway. It has undergone significant expansion and modernization to accommodate the growing air traffic.
6. Infrastructure Development: The Czech Republic has continually invested in modernizing its transportation infrastructure, including highways and high-speed rail connections, to enhance connectivity within the country and across Europe.

This overview provides a snapshot of the political and transportation history of the Czech Republic, but the actual history is rich and complex, shaped by numerous events and influences over the centuries.