A Practical Guide to Creating Professional Print-Ready Maps

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About the Author

Kirill Shrayber is a professional cartographer with more than 25 years of experience in vector and thematic cartography.

Doctor of Technical Sciences.
Member of the American Geographical Society.

Over 4,000 vector maps have been created under his direction — from detailed city plans to national and world-scale cartographic systems.

Areas of expertise include:

• Large-format print cartography

• Vector map production workflows

• GIS data processing and topology cleaning

• Cartographic projections

• High-detail commercial map publishing

This section of the website is not theory.
It is a structured production methodology based on real commercial map projects.

Download PDF version of this book – english >>> 

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Why Professional Vector Maps Still Matter

Modern users are привык к online maps — Google Maps, web tiles, navigation apps.

But what you see on a screen is not a “map” in the classical sense.
It is a tile service — a dynamic rendering controlled by an algorithm.

You do not control:

• line thickness

• layer hierarchy

• generalization level

• projection choice

• typography

• visual emphasis

Professional vector cartography gives you full control.

And control is everything.

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What Is a Vector Map?

A vector map is a mathematical model of territory.

It consists of:

• Points (POI, markers)

• Lines (roads, rivers, boundaries)

• Polygons (buildings, land use, water bodies)

• Attributes (names, classifications, metadata)

• A coordinate reference system (CRS)

Unlike raster images, vector maps:

• Scale without quality loss

• Allow object-level editing

• Preserve topology

• Can be optimized for print

• Support professional cartographic design

A vector map is not an image.
It is structured geographic data.

🔷 Key Terms in Vector Cartography

Glossary of Professional Map Production

Vector Map

A mathematical representation of geographic space built from points, lines and polygons. Unlike raster images, vector maps scale without quality loss and are suitable for professional print production.

Raster Map

A pixel-based image composed of tiles or bitmap layers. Raster maps lose clarity when enlarged and are not ideal for large-format printing.

 

Shapefile (SHP)

A classical GIS format used to store vector geometry and attribute data. Consists of multiple related files (.shp, .shx, .dbf, .prj).

GeoJSON

A text-based geographic data format commonly used in web mapping applications.

Coordinate Reference System (CRS)

A mathematical framework that defines how geographic coordinates are projected onto a flat surface. All layers in a map project must share the same CRS.

Map Projection

A mathematical transformation that converts spherical Earth coordinates into a flat map. Every projection introduces distortion.

Topology

The structural correctness of spatial relationships between geographic objects. Includes connectivity, closed polygons and absence of overlaps.

Street Network Graph

A representation of roads as edges and intersections as nodes. Essential for maintaining structural clarity in urban maps.

Map Generalization

Controlled simplification of geographic data to match scale and improve readability in print.

Layer Hierarchy

The visual stacking order of map elements, determining readability and emphasis.

Stroke Weight Hierarchy

The structured variation of line thickness used to communicate importance of roads and boundaries.

Vector PDF

A print-ready format that preserves scalable vector geometry without rasterization.

Print-Ready Map

A finalized vector map optimized for large-format printing, with correct hierarchy, color mode and outlined text.

Table of contents

1. Chapter 1 — What Is a Vector Map?
2. Chapter 2 — Obtaining and Preparing Geodata (SHP, OSM, GeoJSON)
3. Chapter 3 — Street Network as a Graph (Nodes and Edges Explained)
4. Chapter 4 — Cartographic Layer Hierarchy and Visual Structure
5. Chapter 5 — Map Projections and Why Distortion Is Inevitable
6. Chapter 6 — Map Generalization and Scale Control
7. Chapter 7 — Vector Formats: SHP, GeoJSON, AI and PDF
8. Chapter 8 — Professional Map Production Workflow
9. Chapter 9 — Preparing a Vector Map for Print in Illustrator
10. Chapter 10 — Common Mistakes in Vector Map Production

Chapter 1 — What Is a Vector Map?

Vector vs Raster Maps Explained for Print Cartography

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Modern users think they understand maps.

They use Google Maps.
They zoom.
They search.
They navigate.

But what they see is not a map in the classical cartographic sense.

It is a tile service.

If you want to create professional print maps, you must understand the difference.

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What Is a Vector Map?

A vector map is a mathematical representation of geographic space.

It is built from:

• Points — locations (POI, markers, landmarks)

• Lines — roads, rivers, railways, boundaries

• Polygons — buildings, land use areas, lakes, administrative zones

• Attributes — names, classifications, metadata

• Coordinate Reference System (CRS) — the spatial framework

A vector map is not an image.

It is structured geographic data.

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How Online Maps Actually Work

Most web maps (Google, Bing, many others) use:

• 256×256 pixel raster tiles

• Dynamic zoom levels

• Predefined styling

• Server-side generalization

You do not control:

• line thickness

• visual hierarchy

• projection

• simplification level

• typography

• layer stacking

The rendering logic belongs to the provider.

For navigation, this is fine.

For professional cartography — it is not.

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Vector Map vs Raster Map

Raster Map

• Built from pixels

• Fixed resolution

• Loses quality when scaled

• Hard to edit object-by-object

• Often exported as JPG or PNG

Vector Map

• Built from coordinates

• Infinite scaling without quality loss

• Editable at object level

• Supports topology

• Ideal for large-format printing

• Exportable to AI and vector PDF

If you enlarge a raster image, it becomes blurry.

If you enlarge a vector map, it becomes sharper.

That is the fundamental difference.

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Why Vector Maps Are Essential for Print

Large wall maps require:

• Precise line hierarchy

• Correct stroke weights

• Clean typography

• Controlled generalization

• Stable file size

• High-resolution export

Raster maps cannot handle that properly.

Vector geometry allows:

• 1-meter precision

• Smooth curves

• Optimized coastline simplification

• Controlled detail density

• Professional print workflows

If you plan to produce large-format maps, vector is not optional.
It is mandatory.

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Core Components of Vector Geometry

1. Points

Used for:

• Landmarks

• POI

• Control nodes

• Labels

Points can carry attributes such as:

• Name

• Category

• ID

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2. Lines (LineString)

Used for:

• Roads

• Rivers

• Railways

• Borders

Lines consist of vertices (nodes).
Too many vertices make the file heavy.
Too few destroy shape accuracy.

Balancing this is called generalization (covered in Chapter 6).

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3. Polygons

Used for:

• Buildings

• Lakes

• Parks

• Administrative boundaries

• Land use zones

Polygons must be topologically correct:

• Closed

• Non-self-intersecting

• Free of micro-gaps

Otherwise printing and export problems appear.

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What Is CRS (Coordinate Reference System)?

Every vector dataset must have a coordinate system.

Common systems include:

• WGS84

• Web Mercator

• Local projected systems

If you mix coordinate systems in one project, geometry shifts occur.

Before starting production:

Always verify CRS alignment.

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Why Beginners Get Confused

Many beginners think:

“Google Maps looks fine — I can just export it.”

You cannot.

Web maps:

• Are copyrighted

• Are raster-based

• Are not optimized for print

• Cannot provide full vector geometry

• Cannot be fully controlled

Professional cartography requires raw geodata.

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A Simple Test

Open a JPG map.

Zoom to 800%.

It becomes blurry.

Now open a vector PDF.

Zoom to 800%.

Lines remain sharp.

That difference is why vector maps dominate professional map publishing.

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Summary

A vector map is:

• Mathematical

• Scalable

• Editable

• Structured

• Suitable for print

Raster maps are images.

Vector maps are geographic data systems.

If you want to build professional maps, you must work in vector format from the very beginning.

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Next Step

Now that you understand what a vector map is,
the next step is learning how to obtain and prepare professional geodata.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a vector map and a raster map?
A vector map is built from geographic coordinates (points, lines, polygons) and scales without quality loss. A raster map is pixel-based and loses clarity when enlarged.

Why can’t I use Google Maps for print production?
Google Maps uses raster tiles and proprietary rendering. It does not provide full editable vector geometry suitable for professional print workflows.

Are vector maps better for large wall maps?
Yes. Vector maps maintain sharp lines and readable typography at any scale, making them ideal for large-format printing.

What software is required for vector map production?
Typically GIS software for data processing and Adobe Illustrator for final design and print preparation.

Chapter 2 — Obtaining and Preparing Geodata (SHP, OSM, GeoJSON)

Obtaining and Preparing Geodata

SHP, OSM, GeoJSON and the First Critical Steps in Map Production

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If Chapter 1 explained what a vector map is,
this chapter explains where the real work begins.

Professional map production does not start in Illustrator.

It starts with raw geodata.

And raw geodata is almost never clean.

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Where to Get Vector Geodata

There are many sources of geographic data. The key is knowing which to trust — and how to combine them.

1. OpenStreetMap (OSM)

One of the most widely used global datasets.

Advantages:

• Global coverage

• Frequent updates

• Free and open

Limitations:

• Inconsistent quality across regions

• Community-maintained (not always standardized)

• Often overloaded with unnecessary attributes

You can extract data via:

• Direct regional downloads

• Overpass API

• Pre-packaged extracts (Geofabrik, etc.)

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2. Government Open Data Portals

For many countries, official data is more reliable than OSM.

Typical datasets:

• Road networks

• Administrative boundaries

• Postal codes

• Land parcels

• Building footprints

Government data is often:

• More standardized

• Better classified

• Topologically cleaner

But:

• Licensing must always be checked.

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3. Commercial Data Providers

In some projects (especially infrastructure or logistics),
commercial datasets may be necessary.

They are:

• Structured

• Professionally maintained

• Often expensive

Use them when precision matters.

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Never Use Only One Source

This is a critical rule.

Different sources contain different strengths:

• OSM → good street detail

• Government datasets → accurate boundaries

• Satellite imagery → reality check

• Local municipal data → high precision

Professional production often requires merging multiple sources into one coherent structure.

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Common Geodata Formats

Before cleaning, you must understand the format you are importing.

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Shapefile (SHP)

A classical GIS format consisting of multiple files:

• .shp — geometry

• .shx — geometry index

• .dbf — attribute table

• .prj — projection

• sometimes .cpg, .qix, etc.

Important:
Shapefile is not a single file.

It is a structured dataset.

Advantages:

• Industry standard

• Widely supported

• Stable for production workflows

Limitations:

• Attribute name length restrictions

• No complex topology support

• Multiple-file structure

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GeoJSON

A text-based format.

Advantages:

• Single file

• Human-readable

• Ideal for web usage

Limitations:

• Large file sizes

• Not optimized for heavy production

• No indexing

GeoJSON is excellent for web mapping.
For large production maps, it is usually an intermediate format.

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Step 1: Verify the Coordinate Reference System (CRS)

Before doing anything else:

Check the CRS.

Common coordinate systems:

• WGS84

• Web Mercator

• Local projected systems

If you combine datasets with different CRS without reprojecting them properly:

• Roads shift

• Boundaries misalign

• Buildings float

• Printing becomes impossible

Golden rule:

Never work in mixed projections.

Always align CRS at the beginning.

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Step 2: Inspect Raw Data Quality

Raw datasets almost always contain problems.

Typical issues:

• Duplicate geometries

• Broken line segments

• Micro-gaps in polygons

• Overlapping boundaries

• Incorrect classifications

• Excessive attributes

• Redundant POI points

Before design begins, the dataset must be cleaned.

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Step 3: Remove What You Do Not Need

One of the biggest beginner mistakes:

Keeping everything.

For a print city map, you usually do NOT need:

• Every POI

• Service driveways

• Temporary objects

• Internal parcel divisions

• Minor footpaths (depending on scale)

Overloaded data produces:

• Heavy files

• Slow processing

• Visual chaos

Cartography is selective.

Remove noise early.

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Step 4: Clean and Standardize Attributes

Attribute tables often contain:

• Inconsistent naming

• Mixed language labels

• Empty fields

• Redundant columns

For example:

One dataset may use:

• highway = primary

Another:

• road_type = major

Standardize classifications early.

Otherwise your layer hierarchy later becomes unmanageable.

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Step 5: Correct Street Network Structure

Even before formal topology cleaning, inspect:

• Broken road connections

• Misaligned intersections

• Duplicated line segments

• Incorrect direction flags

The street network is the structural backbone of most city maps.

If the graph is broken, everything built on top will be unstable.

We will cover full graph logic in Chapter 3.

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Step 6: Save Clean Intermediate Versions

Professional workflow always includes version control.

Example structure:

Never overwrite the original dataset.

You may need to return to it later.

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Common Beginner Mistakes in Data Preparation

• Mixing coordinate systems

• Editing without saving versions

• Ignoring attribute cleanup

• Trusting one data source

• Importing directly into Illustrator without GIS cleaning

Illustrator is not a GIS cleaning tool.

Data must be prepared before design begins.

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What Clean Geodata Should Look Like

Before moving to the next stage, your dataset should:

• Have a unified CRS

• Contain only relevant object types

• Have standardized classifications

• Be free from obvious duplicates

• Be topologically consistent

• Have manageable file size

If this stage is done correctly,
the rest of the workflow becomes stable.

If not — you will suffer later.

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Summary

Obtaining geodata is easy.

Preparing geodata is professional work.

Professional vector map production begins with:

• Careful source selection

• CRS alignment

• Data cleaning

• Attribute standardization

• Structural validation

Only after this foundation is solid
can real cartographic design begin.

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Next Chapter

Now that the data is clean,
we move to the structural backbone of every city map:

Frequently Asked Questions

Where can I download shapefiles (SHP)?
Shapefiles are available from OpenStreetMap extracts, government open data portals, and commercial geodata providers.

What is CRS in GIS?
CRS (Coordinate Reference System) defines how geographic coordinates are mapped onto a flat surface. All layers must share the same CRS.

Can I skip data cleaning before design?
No. Raw geodata contains structural errors and unnecessary attributes that must be cleaned before production.

Is GeoJSON suitable for large print maps?
GeoJSON is ideal for web applications but usually not optimal for heavy large-format print production.

Chapter 3 — Street Network as a Graph (Nodes and Edges Explained)

Street Network as a Graph

Nodes, Edges and Why Road Topology Determines Map Quality

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If geodata preparation is the foundation,
the street network is the structural skeleton.

Remove buildings.
Remove land use.
Remove labels.

What remains?

The road graph.

And that graph defines how the city works.

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What Is a Street Network Graph?

In mathematical terms, a graph consists of:

• Nodes — connection points

• Edges — connecting segments

In cartography:

• Node = intersection

• Edge = road segment between intersections

This is not theory for academics.

If your road graph is wrong, your map will be wrong.

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Why Graph Structure Matters in Print Maps

Broken topology leads to:

• Visual gaps

• Misaligned intersections

• Duplicate strokes

• Confusing overlaps

• Incorrect road hierarchy

Even if the map looks “fine” at first glance,
errors appear during:

• Generalization

• Stroke hierarchy styling

• Illustrator export

• Large-format printing

Road topology is not decoration.

It is infrastructure.

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Common Street Network Problems

Raw datasets often contain:

1. Broken Intersections

Two roads visually cross
but are not actually connected in geometry.

This causes:

• Direction inconsistencies

• Gaps during styling

• Incorrect hierarchy rendering

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2. Duplicate Segments

Same road stored twice.

Results:

• Double-thick strokes

• Export glitches

• File weight inflation

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3. Multi-Segment Chaos

One road broken into dozens of small segments
with inconsistent attributes.

Results:

• Labeling problems

• Stroke inconsistency

• Editing frustration

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4. Incorrect Classification

Primary road marked as residential.
Service road marked as trunk.

If classification is wrong:

Layer hierarchy fails.

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Road Classification Hierarchy

For most city maps, classification typically follows:

• Motorway / Highway

• Primary roads

• Secondary roads

• Tertiary roads

• Residential streets

• Service roads

• Footpaths

Do not blindly trust imported classifications.

Verify visually against satellite imagery or reliable reference.

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Nodes and Intersection Logic

In a correct graph:

• Intersections share a common node

• Lines meet precisely

• No micro-gaps exist

• No overlapping duplicates remain

Micro-gaps may not be visible at normal zoom,
but they break topology.

They also create print artifacts.

Zoom aggressively. Inspect carefully.

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Directionality and One-Way Logic

Some datasets store:

• One-way attributes

• Direction flags

• Traffic hierarchy

Even if your print map does not show arrows,
this information helps:

• Validate road consistency

• Detect classification errors

• Identify duplicates

Ignoring attributes entirely is a mistake.

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When to Simplify the Graph

Before full generalization (covered in Chapter 6),
basic structural cleanup is necessary:

• Merge unnecessary segments

• Standardize classifications

• Remove irrelevant road types

• Correct intersections

Do not aggressively simplify yet.

First: fix structure.
Later: reduce geometry.

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Graph as the Structural Backbone of the City

Try this thought experiment:

Imagine you strip a city down to just:

• Roads

• Bridges

• Railways

You would still recognize the city.

The street network defines:

• Density

• Flow

• Spatial rhythm

• Urban character

That is why graph integrity is critical.

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Visual Hierarchy Begins Here

Layer hierarchy (Chapter 4) depends on:

Correct classification.

If the graph is structurally wrong,
styling cannot save it.

No color palette can fix broken topology.

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Advanced Check: Intersection Density

For advanced beginners:

Examine:

• Too many tiny segments?

• Excessive node density?

• Unnecessary subdivision?

High vertex density:

• Slows processing

• Complicates generalization

• Increases file size

Graph cleanup improves:

• Performance

• Stability

• Print quality

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Professional Workflow Rule

Never export raw OSM roads directly into Illustrator.

Always:

1. Inspect graph

2. Correct intersections

3. Standardize classification

4. Remove noise

5. Save cleaned version

Illustrator is for design.
Graph logic belongs in GIS.

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What a Clean Street Graph Should Look Like

Before moving forward, your road network should:

• Have no broken connections

• Have no duplicate segments

• Have consistent classification

• Be logically segmented

• Have manageable vertex density

• Be CRS-aligned

If these conditions are met,
you are ready to build cartographic hierarchy.

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Summary

A city is a graph.

If the graph is broken:

• The map is unstable

• Styling fails

• Printing suffers

If the graph is clean:

• Hierarchy becomes logical

• Generalization becomes controlled

• Export becomes stable

The road network is not just one layer.

It is the structural backbone of your entire map.

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Next Chapter

Now that the structural skeleton is clean,
we can build visual logic on top of it.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a street network graph?
A street network graph represents roads as edges and intersections as nodes.

Why is topology important in cartography?
Topology ensures correct connections between roads and boundaries. Broken topology causes printing and styling issues.

How do I detect duplicate road segments?
Zoom in, inspect overlapping strokes, and validate attributes in GIS before export.

Should I fix road classification errors?
Yes. Correct classification is essential for proper visual hierarchy.

Chapter 4 — Cartographic Layer Hierarchy and Visual Structure

Cartographic Layer Hierarchy

Why Visual Order Determines Whether a Map Works or Fails

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You can have perfect data.

You can have clean topology.

You can have correct projection.

And still produce a bad map.

Why?

Because cartography is not only about data.

It is about visual hierarchy.

Layer order determines readability.

If hierarchy is wrong — the map fails.

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What Is Layer Hierarchy?

Layer hierarchy is the controlled order in which map elements are stacked and visually weighted.

In digital form, this means:

• Layer stacking order

• Stroke weight

• Color contrast

• Label priority

In print form, it means:

• What the eye sees first

• What remains visible at distance

• What disappears when light is weak

Hierarchy is not decoration.

It is structure.

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The Rule of Visual Gravity

The human eye moves from:

1. Strong contrast

2. Thick strokes

3. Large text

4. Bright colors

If your hierarchy ignores this,
the map becomes visually chaotic.

Design must guide the eye.

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Typical Layer Order for a City Map

From top to bottom:

1. Major Labels

• City names

• District names

• Important landmarks

Text must sit above everything.

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2. Road Names

• Motorways

• Primary streets

Typography must remain readable at 100% print scale.

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3. Major Roads

• Highways

• Primary roads

Usually thicker strokes and stronger color contrast.

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4. Secondary Roads

• Secondary streets

• Tertiary streets

Reduced stroke weight.

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5. Minor Streets

• Residential roads

• Service roads

Light stroke weight. Lower visual dominance.

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6. Railways

Usually below major roads but above buildings.

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7. Buildings

Typically subtle fill color.

Buildings must support structure — not dominate it.

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8. Water Bodies

Lakes, rivers, canals.

Water provides spatial orientation.

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9. Land Use / Parks

Very light background colors.

Should never overpower roads.

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10. Background

Neutral tone.

Background is critical.

If too bright → roads disappear.
If too dark → labels lose contrast.

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Stroke Weight Hierarchy

Stroke weight communicates importance.

Example:

• Motorway: 1.2 pt

• Primary road: 0.9 pt

• Secondary road: 0.6 pt

• Residential: 0.3 pt

Exact values depend on scale.

But relative hierarchy must be consistent.

If residential roads are thicker than primary roads,
your visual logic collapses.

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Typography Is Not Decoration

Typography must:

• Be readable at print scale

• Avoid collisions

• Follow street curvature correctly

• Maintain consistent font hierarchy

Avoid:

• Too many font styles

• Overlapping labels

• Excessive curvature

• Random rotation

The map reader must never struggle to read.

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Readability Test

Print a fragment at 100%.

Place it on a wall.

Step back 2–3 meters.

Ask yourself:

• Are major roads immediately visible?

• Are labels readable?

• Is spatial structure clear?

If not — revise hierarchy.

Screen preview is misleading.

Print reveals truth.

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Color Discipline

Color should support structure.

Avoid:

• Excessive saturation

• Too many contrasting hues

• Decorative gradients

Professional maps often use:

• Limited color palette

• Controlled contrast

• Functional differentiation

Color is hierarchy — not decoration.

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Common Hierarchy Mistakes

• Too many layers competing for attention

• Parks brighter than roads

• Buildings darker than highways

• Labels hidden below strokes

• No clear contrast between primary and secondary roads

Hierarchy must be intentional.

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Layer Management in Practice

In complex projects, 40–60 layers are normal.

Professional layer naming:

• roads_primary

• roads_secondary

• labels_major

• buildings_fill

• water_polygons

Clear naming prevents chaos.

Chaos in layers → chaos in output.

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Hierarchy Before Style

Never start with colors.

First define:

1. Structural order

2. Stroke hierarchy

3. Text hierarchy

Then apply color.

Otherwise you decorate without structure.

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Summary

Layer hierarchy is the visual logic of your map.

Correct hierarchy makes:

• Complex cities readable

• Dense data understandable

• Print stable

• Design clean

Incorrect hierarchy makes:

• Data noisy

• Roads confusing

• Labels unreadable

• Map unusable

Cartography is structured clarity.

Hierarchy is its backbone.

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Next Chapter

Now that visual structure is established,
we must address one of the most misunderstood topics:

Frequently Asked Questions

What is layer hierarchy in cartography?
Layer hierarchy is the structured visual order of map elements, controlling readability and importance.

Why do major roads need thicker strokes?
Stroke weight visually communicates importance and supports spatial navigation.

How many layers should a professional city map have?
Complex maps often contain 40–60 structured layers.

Does color matter for hierarchy?
Yes. Color must support structure, not compete with it.

Chapter 5 — Map Projections and Why Distortion Is Inevitable

Map Projections

Why Every Map Distorts Reality — and Why That Is Normal

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A map is not reality.

It is a transformation.

The Earth is a sphere (more precisely, an oblate spheroid).
A map is flat.

To transfer curved space onto a plane, distortion is unavoidable.

There is no “perfect” projection.

There is only a projection appropriate for your task.

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What Is a Map Projection?

A map projection is a mathematical method of converting geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) into flat, two-dimensional coordinates.

Every projection transforms:

• Shape

• Area

• Distance

• Direction

You cannot preserve all four simultaneously.

You must choose what matters.

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The Four Types of Distortion

Understanding distortion is critical for professional cartography.

1. Shape Distortion

Objects may become stretched or compressed.

Example:
Greenland appears much larger in Mercator projection than it actually is.

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2. Area Distortion

Some projections preserve shape but distort size.

Equal-area projections preserve true size relationships.

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3. Distance Distortion

Distances may be accurate only along specific lines or directions.

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4. Direction Distortion

Certain projections preserve compass bearings, others do not.

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There Is No Perfect Projection

This is one of the most important principles in cartography.

If someone says:

“This projection is correct.”

They are wrong.

The correct question is:

“Correct for what purpose?”

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Common Projections Used in Modern Cartography

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Mercator Projection

Most commonly used for web maps.

Advantages:

• Preserves angles

• Useful for navigation

• Rectangular grid

Disadvantages:

• Extreme area distortion near poles

Suitable for:

• City maps

• Navigation

• Small regional projects

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Equal-Area Projections

Preserve true area relationships.

Useful for:

• Thematic maps

• Statistical visualization

• Environmental maps

Shapes may appear distorted,
but area is correct.

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Robinson Projection

A compromise projection.

Balanced distortion of area and shape.

Used in:

• Educational atlases

• World maps

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Goode Homolosine Projection

Interrupts oceans to preserve landmass proportions.

Suitable for:

• Continental emphasis

• Thematic world maps

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Dymaxion Projection

Projects Earth onto an icosahedron.

Advantages:

• Preserves continental continuity

• Minimizes distortion across land

Disadvantages:

• Visually unconventional

• Requires careful design

Used in:

• Experimental cartography

• Global thematic projects

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Choosing a Projection for Print Maps

For most city maps:

Projected coordinate systems or Mercator-based systems are acceptable.

For country maps:

Consider equal-area or compromise projections.

For world maps:

Avoid naive Mercator unless distortion is intentional.

Projection choice must match:

• Map scale

• Geographic extent

• Purpose of the map

• Audience expectations

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Practical Rule for Beginners

If you are mapping:

• A single city → local projected system

• A region → suitable national projection

• A continent → equal-area or compromise

• The world → avoid web Mercator

Projection should serve clarity.

Not habit.

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Projection and Production Workflow

Projection affects:

• Scale accuracy

• Label spacing

• Line curvature

• Generalization behavior

• File export precision

Changing projection mid-production is risky.

Choose projection at the beginning.

Stick with it.

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What Happens If You Ignore Projection

You may experience:

• Misaligned layers

• Incorrect distances

• Distorted shapes

• Printing inconsistencies

• Inaccurate measurements

Projection mistakes are subtle.

They become visible only when it is too late.

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Professional Mindset

Projection is not decoration.

It is structural geometry.

Treat it as:

• Engineering decision

• Mathematical transformation

• Foundational layer of the map

Not as a stylistic option.

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Summary

A map projection:

• Converts spherical Earth to flat space

• Introduces unavoidable distortion

• Must be chosen according to purpose

There is no distortion-free map.

There is only informed distortion.

Understanding projection is what separates a map user from a cartographer.

Next Chapter

Now that projection is defined,
we address a production-critical topic:

Frequently Asked Questions

Is there a projection without distortion?
No. Every map projection introduces distortion in shape, area, distance, or direction.

Why is Mercator distorted near the poles?
Mercator preserves angles but significantly enlarges areas near the poles.

Which projection is best for world maps?
There is no universal best projection. Equal-area or compromise projections are often preferred over Mercator.

Should projection be changed mid-project?
No. Projection should be chosen at the beginning and kept consistent.

Chapter 6 — Map Generalization and Scale Control

Map Generalization

How to Control Detail Without Destroying Shape

---

When beginners first see raw geodata,
they are impressed.

So many details.
So many vertices.
So much precision.

Then they try to print it.

And everything collapses.

Coastlines look noisy.
Roads look tangled.
File size explodes.
Illustrator slows down.

This is where generalization begins.

---

What Is Map Generalization?

Map generalization is the controlled simplification of geographic data to match map scale and purpose.

It is not random deletion.

It is structured reduction.

Generalization allows you to:

• Reduce visual noise

• Improve readability

• Stabilize file performance

• Maintain recognizable shapes

• Adapt data to print scale

Generalization is not data loss.
It is editorial decision-making.

---

Why Raw Data Is Not Print-Ready

Raw GIS datasets are built for:

• Analysis

• Measurement

• Data storage

They are not built for:

• Large-format wall maps

• Visual clarity

• Typography balance

• Stroke hierarchy

Raw data is often:

• Over-detailed

• Fragmented

• Over-segmented

• Topologically heavy

If you skip generalization,
your print map will suffer.

---

The Relationship Between Scale and Detail

This is the key principle:

Generalization must match the final print scale — not the original data precision.

Example:

If your dataset contains 1-meter precision,
but your map scale is 1:250,000,
most of that detail is invisible and unnecessary.

Too much detail at small scale creates noise.

Less detail at large scale improves clarity.

---

Types of Generalization

Professional cartography uses multiple forms of generalization.

---

1. Geometric Simplification

Reduces the number of vertices in lines and polygons.

Common algorithm:
Douglas–Peucker simplification.

Goal:
Preserve overall shape while reducing node count.

Danger:
Too aggressive simplification destroys coastline identity.

---

2. Topological Generalization

Maintains logical relationships between objects.

Ensures:

• Roads remain connected

• Polygons remain closed

• Boundaries remain consistent

Never simplify geometry without preserving topology.

---

3. Semantic Generalization

Removes entire object classes based on scale.

For example:

At 1:5,000,000 scale:

• Residential streets disappear

• Small rivers disappear

• Minor buildings disappear

This is not simplification —
it is selective omission.

---

4. Smoothing

Reduces sharp angles and visual “noise.”

Useful for:

• Coastlines

• Natural boundaries

• Rivers

Must be applied carefully.

Over-smoothing destroys geographic character.

---

When to Generalize

Generalization should occur:

• After topology cleaning

• Before final Illustrator export

• After classification standardization

Do not generalize raw, uncleaned data.

Fix structure first.

Simplify second.

---

Common Beginner Mistakes

• Applying maximum simplification

• Using the same tolerance for all layers

• Simplifying roads and coastlines equally

• Ignoring scale

• Forgetting to save intermediate versions

Generalization is not “click once and done.”

It requires testing.

---

Practical Generalization Strategy

Instead of asking:

“How much can I simplify?”

Ask:

“How much can I remove while preserving recognizability?”

Guidelines:

• Coastlines → light simplification

• Administrative boundaries → moderate

• Roads → controlled and tested

• Buildings → often semantic removal at smaller scales

---

Tolerance and Scale

Tolerance values depend on:

• Map scale

• Geographic extent

• Printing size

Example logic:

• Large-scale city map → minimal simplification

• Regional map → moderate simplification

• National map → strong simplification

• World map → aggressive semantic filtering

There is no universal number.

Only context.

---

Performance and Stability Benefits

Proper generalization:

• Reduces file size

• Speeds up Illustrator

• Prevents export crashes

• Improves stroke clarity

• Enhances label placement

Unnecessary vertices are invisible in print
but destructive in production.

---

Recognizability Rule

After simplification:

• Does the coastline still look correct?

• Does the river still follow its natural curve?

• Does the city still feel authentic?

If not — you simplified too much.

Recognizability is more important than geometric purity.

---

Professional Workflow Tip

Always keep versions:

Never overwrite your clean dataset.

You may need to adjust tolerance later.

---

Generalization in Software

Most GIS tools include:

• Simplify Lines

• Simplify Polygons

• Topology-preserving simplification

But remember:

The tool does not decide quality.

You do.

Generalization is editorial judgment.

---

Summary

Map generalization is:

• Controlled simplification

• Scale adaptation

• Performance optimization

• Visual clarity management

It is not data destruction.

It is professional refinement.

Without generalization,
print cartography becomes unstable.

With correct generalization,
complex geography becomes readable.

---

Next Chapter

Now that the geometry is optimized,
we move to file formats and export logic.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is map generalization?
Map generalization is the controlled simplification of geographic data to match scale and improve readability.

What happens if I over-generalize?
Geographic shapes lose recognizability and become unrealistic.

Is generalization necessary for large maps?
Yes. Without simplification, files become heavy and visually noisy.

Should all layers use the same simplification tolerance?
No. Different object types require different levels of simplification.

Chapter 7 — Vector Formats: SHP, GeoJSON, AI and PDF

Vector File Formats

SHP, GeoJSON, AI and PDF in Professional Map Production

---

At some point, every map project faces a critical transition:

From data
to product.

GIS formats store geographic information.

Design formats produce publishable maps.

Understanding the difference is essential.

---

GIS Formats vs Design Formats

Let’s be clear:

GIS formats are for data.
Design formats are for presentation.

Confusing these stages creates chaos.

A professional workflow moves through formats intentionally.

---

Shapefile (SHP)

Shapefile remains one of the most widely used GIS formats.

Despite its age, it is stable and production-friendly.

---

What a Shapefile Actually Is

A shapefile is not one file.

It is a group of related components:

• .shp — geometry

• .shx — geometry index

• .dbf — attribute table

• .prj — projection definition

• sometimes .cpg, .qix, and others

If one component is missing, the dataset may break.

---

Why SHP Is Still Used

Advantages:

• Industry standard

• Broad software compatibility

• Stable for large datasets

• Easy to transfer

Limitations:

• Field name length limits

• No advanced topology

• Multiple-file structure

• No modern compression

Despite limitations, SHP works reliably for production.

---

GeoJSON

GeoJSON is a text-based geographic format built on JSON.

It is widely used in web mapping.

---

Structure of GeoJSON

A typical GeoJSON file contains:

• FeatureCollection

• Features

• Geometry objects

• Properties (attributes)

It is readable and flexible.

---

When GeoJSON Is Useful

Best for:

• Web applications

• API-based workflows

• Small datasets

• Rapid prototyping

Limitations:

• Large file sizes

• Slow performance for heavy geometry

• Not optimized for massive print projects

GeoJSON is excellent for web.
It is rarely ideal for large-format print production.

---

AI (Adobe Illustrator Format)

This is where cartographic data becomes design.

AI files:

• Store vector paths

• Maintain layers

• Support typography

• Enable stroke hierarchy

Illustrator is not a GIS tool.

It is a final production environment.

---

Why AI 10 Is Often Preferred

Older Illustrator compatibility formats (such as AI 10) are often more stable for:

• Large files

• Complex geometry

• Printing workflows

• Cross-version compatibility

Modern versions sometimes introduce:

• Transparency issues

• Unexpected rendering behavior

• Performance slowdowns

Stability matters more than novelty in production.

---

Vector PDF

The final destination for print maps.

A professional vector PDF must:

• Contain 100% vector geometry

• Preserve layer structure (if required)

• Avoid unintended rasterization

• Maintain stroke clarity

• Use correct color mode (RGB or CMYK)

If a PDF becomes rasterized,
it is no longer production-grade.

---

GIS → Illustrator → PDF Workflow

Professional pipeline typically follows:

1. Clean SHP / GIS dataset

2. Generalize geometry

3. Export to AI-compatible format

4. Final design in Illustrator

5. Convert text to outlines

6. Export print-ready PDF

Each stage has a purpose.

Skipping stages creates instability.

---

Why You Should Not Design Inside GIS

Many beginners attempt to finish maps directly in GIS software.

Problems:

• Limited typography control

• Poor layer styling flexibility

• Export artifacts

• Inconsistent stroke rendering

• Weak print optimization

GIS prepares structure.

Illustrator finishes the product.

---

Common File Format Mistakes

• Sending SHP files directly to print

• Exporting raster PDF instead of vector

• Ignoring projection metadata

• Mixing RGB and CMYK unintentionally

• Flattening layers too early

• Losing attribute information during export

Professional production respects format boundaries.

---

File Size and Performance

Large vector maps can reach:

• Hundreds of MB

• Millions of nodes

• Thousands of layers

To maintain stability:

• Remove unnecessary attributes

• Generalize geometry

• Keep layer structure clean

• Avoid excessive effects

Performance is not accidental.

It is engineered.

---

Choosing the Right Format at Each Stage

Use:

• SHP → for structured geodata

• GeoJSON → for web workflows

• AI → for cartographic design

• PDF → for final print delivery

Each format has a role.

Misusing formats causes friction.

---

Summary

Vector file formats define workflow.

GIS formats:

• Store data

• Preserve attributes

• Maintain spatial structure

Design formats:

• Control visual hierarchy

• Manage typography

• Prepare for printing

Professional cartography moves through formats deliberately.

Data becomes structure.
Structure becomes design.
Design becomes product.

---

Next Chapter

Now that format logic is clear,
we move to the full production pipeline.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between SHP and AI files?
SHP stores geographic data and attributes. AI is used for final cartographic design.

Can I send a shapefile directly to print?
No. Shapefiles must be styled and refined in a design environment before printing.

Is vector PDF better than raster PDF for maps?
Yes. Vector PDF maintains sharp lines and scalable geometry.

Why convert text to outlines before printing?
To prevent font substitution and rendering errors.

Chapter 8 — Professional Map Production Workflow

Professional Map Production Workflow

From Raw GIS Data to a Stable Print-Ready Map

---

By now you understand:

• What a vector map is

• How to obtain geodata

• Why topology matters

• How projections distort

• Why generalization is essential

• How file formats work

Now we assemble everything into a controlled production pipeline.

Because professional cartography is not a set of tricks.

It is a system.

---

The Complete Production Sequence

A stable vector map is created in stages:

1. Data acquisition

2. CRS alignment

3. Topology cleaning

4. Graph correction

5. Classification standardization

6. Generalization

7. Format export

8. Illustrator refinement

9. Print validation

Skipping stages causes instability later.

---

Stage 1 — Import Raw Data

Raw SHP or OSM extract is never ready for production.

Typical problems at this stage:

• Inconsistent projection

• Broken polygons

• Duplicate segments

• Attribute overload

• Unnecessary object classes

Before doing anything else:

Inspect the dataset.

Never assume it is clean.

---

Stage 2 — Coordinate Reference System Alignment

All layers must share the same CRS.

Failure to align projection causes:

• Offset layers

• Misaligned boundaries

• Incorrect scaling

• Label distortion

CRS alignment is foundational.

Do it once, do it correctly.

---

Stage 3 — Topology Cleaning

Topology ensures geometric correctness.

Fix:

• Unclosed polygons

• Self-intersections

• Duplicate boundaries

• Micro-gaps

• Overlapping lines

Topology errors may not be visible immediately.

But they appear during:

• Simplification

• Styling

• Export

• Printing

Clean topology prevents future chaos.

---

Stage 4 — Structural Graph Validation

The street network must:

• Be fully connected

• Have no broken intersections

• Have standardized classification

• Avoid duplicate segments

The road graph defines structural logic.

If graph integrity fails, styling cannot compensate.

---

Stage 5 — Classification Standardization

Before design begins:

Unify road categories.

Example structure:

• Motorway

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Residential

Standardized classification makes hierarchy predictable.

Without it, layer logic becomes unstable.

---

Stage 6 — Controlled Generalization

Apply simplification carefully.

Match tolerance to:

• Final print scale

• Geographic extent

• Target audience

Over-simplification destroys recognizability.

Under-simplification overloads the map.

Balance is professional judgment.

---

Stage 7 — Intermediate Save

At this point, create a stable base file:

This becomes your production master.

Never export directly from raw data.

---

Stage 8 — Export to Design Environment

Export cleaned dataset to AI-compatible format.

Check:

• Geometry integrity

• Layer separation

• Stroke conversion

• Projection consistency

Do not apply final styling inside GIS.

Keep structure clean.

---

Stage 9 — Illustrator Refinement

Now design begins.

In Illustrator:

• Organize layers

• Establish stroke hierarchy

• Apply typography

• Adjust visual balance

• Refine color palette

GIS builds structure.

Illustrator builds clarity.

---

Stage 10 — Performance Optimization

Large vector maps can become unstable.

Optimize by:

• Removing unused objects

• Reducing hidden layers

• Avoiding unnecessary transparency

• Keeping stroke styles simple

Performance is part of production discipline.

---

Stage 11 — Print Validation

Before final export:

• Zoom to 100% print scale

• Check label readability

• Inspect stroke consistency

• Verify color mode

• Print a test fragment

Screen approval is not print approval.

Always test physically.

---

Version Control Discipline

Professional workflow includes incremental saves:

Never overwrite stages.

Production errors are inevitable.

Recovery must be possible.

---

Why Workflow Discipline Matters

Without discipline:

• Files become unstable

• Export fails

• Layers become chaotic

• Revisions become impossible

With discipline:

• Complex maps remain manageable

• Large-scale printing becomes predictable

• Projects remain reproducible

Cartography is engineering.

Engineering requires process.

---

Production Mindset

Think like an architect.

You do not decorate before the structure stands.

You do not simplify before cleaning.

You do not print before testing.

Every stage prepares the next one.

---

What Separates Amateur from Professional

Amateur workflow:

Import → Style → Export.

Professional workflow:

Import → Clean → Structure → Validate → Simplify → Export → Design → Test → Finalize.

The difference is not talent.

The difference is discipline.

---

Summary

Professional vector map production is:

• Sequential

• Structured

• Controlled

• Reproducible

It is not artistic improvisation.

It is engineered clarity.

When workflow is stable,
complex geography becomes manageable.

---

Next Chapter

Now that production structure is clear,
we move to the final critical stage:

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the correct order of map production?
Import → Clean → Validate → Generalize → Export → Design → Test → Finalize.

Why is version control important in cartography?
It prevents data loss and allows rollback if errors occur.

Should I simplify data before cleaning topology?
No. Clean structure first, simplify second.

Is Illustrator a GIS replacement?
No. Illustrator is for visual refinement, not structural data correction.

Chapter 9 — Preparing a Vector Map for Print in Illustrator

Preparing a Vector Map for Print in Illustrator

Final Design, Performance Stability and Print-Ready Validation

---

Up to this point, everything was preparation.

Now comes refinement.

GIS structured the data.
Generalization optimized geometry.
Workflow stabilized the process.

Illustrator turns structure into product.

This stage determines whether your map is truly professional.

---

Opening the Exported File

After exporting from GIS, you typically receive:

• A large vector PDF
  or

• An AI-compatible file

Opening may take time.

Large vector maps can contain:

• Millions of nodes

• Thousands of objects

• Dozens of layers

Performance depends on RAM and file optimization.

If Illustrator slows down, do not panic.

Work systematically.

---

Step 1 — Organize Layers Properly

Often, exported files arrive:

• In one single layer

• With mixed geometry

• Without logical grouping

This must be fixed immediately.

Separate into structured layers:

• roads_primary

• roads_secondary

• roads_residential

• railways

• buildings

• water

• landuse

• labels_major

• labels_minor

• background

Clear layer naming prevents chaos later.

Professional maps may contain 40–60 layers.

That is normal.

---

Step 2 — Establish Stroke Hierarchy

Stroke weight determines visual logic.

Adjust based on final print scale.

Example hierarchy (varies by scale):

• Motorways → thickest stroke

• Primary roads → medium

• Secondary roads → thinner

• Residential → light

Stroke contrast must be visible at distance.

If major roads do not dominate visually,
hierarchy failed.

 

---

Step 3 — Typography Control

Typography is not decoration.

It is information hierarchy.

Ensure:

• Consistent font families

• Controlled font weights

• Proper letter spacing

• Avoidance of label collisions

• Logical curvature on streets

Never overload with too many fonts.

Two or three families are usually enough.

Readability always overrides style.

---

Step 4 — Color Discipline

Color must support structure.

Avoid:

• Over-saturation

• Random palette choices

• Strong gradients

• Excessive contrast

For print maps:

• Consider CMYK early

• Avoid neon-like RGB tones

• Keep background neutral

If colors overpower structure, reduce intensity.

---

Step 5 — Performance Optimization in Illustrator

Large vector maps can slow down Illustrator.

To improve performance:

• Disable unnecessary effects

• Avoid transparency unless required

• Turn off GPU preview if unstable

• Work with non-active layers hidden

• Save frequently

Sometimes saving to an older AI compatibility version improves stability.

Stability is more important than modern features.

---

Step 6 — Collision and Overlap Cleaning

Manual inspection is essential.

Check:

• Overlapping labels

• Road name collisions

• Hidden text

• Stroke intersections

• Artifacts at complex junctions

Automated tools help,
but final polish requires human inspection.

This is the most time-consuming stage.

It is also what separates amateur from professional.

---

Step 7 — Print Scale Validation

Zooming in is misleading.

Instead:

• View at 100% intended print size

• Step back from screen

• Print a small test fragment

Ask:

• Are primary roads clear?

• Are labels readable?

• Is hierarchy obvious?

• Is density balanced?

Maps are read at distance.

Design must account for that.

---

Step 8 — Convert Text to Outlines (Final Stage Only)

Before sending to print:

Convert text to outlines.

This prevents:

• Font substitution

• Missing glyph issues

• Rendering differences

Important:

Keep a pre-outline version saved separately.

Once text is outlined, editing becomes harder.

---

Step 9 — Export Print-Ready PDF

Final PDF must:

• Contain 100% vector geometry

• Avoid unintended rasterization

• Use correct color mode

• Preserve stroke clarity

• Maintain correct scaling

Check:

• File weight

• Zoom clarity

• No pixelation

• No transparency flattening artifacts

If something looks rasterized, re-check export settings.

---

Lighting and Real-World Conditions

Professional print maps are used:

• On walls

• In offices

• In vehicles

• In low light

Test readability under different lighting.

A map that looks good on a bright monitor
may fail on a dim wall.

---

Common Illustrator-Stage Mistakes

• Styling before organizing layers

• Overusing effects

• Ignoring print scale

• Forgetting CMYK conversion

• Sending live text to print

• Not testing at physical size

Design discipline matters.

---

Final Quality Checklist

Before final export:

• CRS was correct from the beginning

• Topology cleaned

• Generalization applied

• Stroke hierarchy consistent

• Typography readable

• No label collisions

• Color palette controlled

• Text converted to outlines

• Test print approved

If all conditions are met,
your map is production-ready.

---

Summary

Illustrator is not where data begins.

It is where structure becomes clarity.

Professional map preparation requires:

• Layer discipline

• Stroke control

• Typography precision

• Performance awareness

• Print validation

The difference between a decorative map
and a professional cartographic product
is refinement.

And refinement happens here.

---

Next Chapter

Before closing the guide,
we will review the most common beginner mistakes
that quietly ruin map projects.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why does Illustrator slow down with large maps?
Large vector maps contain millions of nodes. Optimization and layer control are necessary.

When should text be converted to outlines?
Only at the final stage before sending to print.

Why is print testing necessary?
Screen previews do not accurately represent physical print conditions.

Should I work in RGB or CMYK?
For print production, CMYK is typically required.

Chapter 10 — Common Mistakes in Vector Map Production

Common Mistakes in Vector Map Production

What Quietly Ruins Map Projects — and How to Avoid It

---

Most map projects do not fail dramatically.

They fail quietly.

• A slightly wrong projection.

• A broken road intersection.

• Overloaded detail.

• Weak hierarchy.

• No print test.

Each mistake alone seems minor.

Together they destroy clarity.

This chapter summarizes the most common production errors — especially among advanced beginners.

---

1. Mixing Coordinate Systems

This is one of the most dangerous mistakes.

Symptoms:

• Roads do not align perfectly

• Buildings appear shifted

• Boundaries slightly offset

• Labels look misplaced

Cause:

Working with layers in different CRS.

Solution:

• Choose projection at the beginning

• Reproject all datasets

• Verify alignment before editing

Projection errors are subtle — until they become catastrophic.

---

2. Skipping Topology Cleaning

Raw data always contains structural problems.

If you skip topology cleaning:

• Polygons fail during export

• Intersections misbehave

• Simplification breaks geometry

• Printing reveals artifacts

Cleaning topology is not optional.

It is foundational.

---

3. Overloading Detail

Beginners often think:

“More detail = better map.”

It is the opposite.

Too much detail creates:

• Visual noise

• Heavy files

• Slow Illustrator performance

• Unreadable print

Professional maps remove information strategically.

Clarity beats density.

---

4. Over-Generalization

The opposite mistake.

Too much simplification:

• Destroys coastline identity

• Removes small but important rivers

• Flattens natural curves

• Makes cities look artificial

Generalization must preserve recognizability.

If geography no longer feels authentic — you simplified too much.

---

5. Weak Layer Hierarchy

Without clear hierarchy:

• Major roads do not stand out

• Parks dominate structure

• Buildings overpower streets

• Labels compete with geometry

Hierarchy must be intentional.

If everything screams, nothing is heard.

---

6. Poor Typography

Common problems:

• Too many fonts

• Inconsistent sizes

• Overlapping labels

• Excessive curvature

• Decorative overuse

Typography is functional.

If labels are hard to read, the map fails.

---

7. Designing Inside GIS

GIS tools are excellent for structure.

They are not ideal for:

• Advanced typography

• Fine stroke control

• Large-format print finishing

Trying to finish everything in GIS usually produces mediocre results.

Structure in GIS.
Refinement in Illustrator.

---

8. Ignoring Performance Discipline

Large vector maps can reach:

• Millions of nodes

• Hundreds of megabytes

Without discipline:

• Illustrator crashes

• Export fails

• Revisions become painful

Remove unnecessary vertices.
Control layers.
Avoid excessive effects.

Performance is part of professionalism.

---

9. No Test Print

This mistake is surprisingly common.

Maps approved on screen
may fail on paper.

Always:

• Print a fragment at 100% scale

• Check under real lighting

• Step back and evaluate readability

A map exists in physical space.

Test it there.

---

10. No Version Control

Overwriting files leads to:

• Lost work

• No rollback

• Panic during revisions

Professional workflow always keeps stages:

• raw

• cleaned

• generalized

• designed

• print-ready

Never overwrite your master.

---

11. Designing for Yourself, Not the Reader

This is subtle but critical.

Ask:

• Is the map readable for someone unfamiliar with the city?

• Is hierarchy obvious?

• Is color meaningful?

• Is the structure intuitive?

Cartography is communication.

The reader matters more than your preferences.

---

What Separates Amateur from Professional

Amateur workflow:

Import → Style → Export.

Professional workflow:

Import → Clean → Structure → Validate → Simplify → Design → Test → Finalize.

The difference is discipline.

Not talent.

Not software.

Discipline.

---

Final Professional Reminder

A map is not:

• Decoration

• Illustration

• Background image

A map is:

• A spatial model

• A communication tool

• A decision-making instrument

Every mistake reduces clarity.

Every refinement increases value.

---

Final Summary of the Guide

Professional vector map production requires:

• Clean data

• Correct projection

• Stable topology

• Controlled generalization

• Clear hierarchy

• Strong typography

• Disciplined workflow

• Physical print validation

When all these elements work together,
geography becomes readable.

That is professional cartography.

---

End of Guide

You now have a complete structured production methodology
for creating professional vector maps for print.

The difference between random output
and engineered cartography
is process.

And now you have one.

Go to Start Page: Technology of Vector Map Production

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common mistake in map production?
Skipping structural cleanup and relying on styling alone.

Why do maps fail at the final stage?
Because projection, topology, or generalization errors were ignored early.

Is more detail always better?
No. Excess detail reduces readability.

What separates professional from amateur cartography?
Structured workflow discipline.