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In marine navigation, map projections are also crucial for accurately representing the Earth’s surface on navigational charts. Similar to air transport navigation, the choice of a map projection in marine navigation depends on factors such as the navigational task, the area covered, and the type of distortion that is considered most acceptable. Here are some common map projections used in marine navigation:

1. Mercator Projection:
   • Properties: Conformal (preserves angles), cylindrical projection.
   • Use: The Mercator projection is widely used in marine navigation, especially for charts covering large areas of the open ocean. It is valued for its ability to maintain straight lines of constant course, which is useful for plotting and following courses.
2. Gnomonic Projection:
   • Properties: Azimuthal projection that represents great circles as straight lines.
   • Use: The gnomonic projection is often used in marine navigation for planning great-circle routes, especially for long-distance voyages. It is suitable for short distances, such as coastal navigation and oceanic passages.
3. Lambert Conformal Conic Projection:
   • Properties: Conformal, conic projection.
   • Use: This projection is commonly used in marine navigation for charts covering coastal areas and regions with an east-west orientation. It is suitable for balancing distortions in both shape and scale.
4. Polyconic Projection:
   • Properties: Conic projection with multiple cones, often used for small or medium-scale maps.
   • Use: The polyconic projection is employed in marine navigation for charts covering specific regions. It is especially useful for maintaining accurate shapes and distances along certain parallels.
5. Stereographic Projection:
   • Properties: Conformal, azimuthal projection.
   • Use: Similar to air navigation, the stereographic projection is used in marine charts, particularly for polar regions. It minimizes distortion near the point of projection, making it suitable for navigation in high latitudes.
6. Azimuthal Equidistant Projection:
   • Properties: Equidistant from a central point, azimuthal projection.
   • Use: This projection is used in marine navigation for specific applications, such as planning routes with accurate distance measurements from a central point. It can be suitable for polar routes.

The choice of map projection in marine navigation is influenced by the specific requirements of the voyage, the type of vessel, and the navigational challenges presented by the region. As with air navigation, advancements in digital navigation systems also play a significant role in providing accurate and dynamic representations for mariners.

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