Urban plan Marseille: Digital Cartography

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Urban plan Marseille France: History and Cartography

Marseille, a city in the south of France, Provence–Alpes–Côte d'Azur region, is the administrative center of the department of Bouches-du-Rhone. Located on the coast of the Gulf of Marseille (part of the Lyons Saltiva) The Mediterranean Sea, near the mouth of the Rhone River. The population is 780 thousand people (2020; the second-largest city in the country after Paris). With suburbs and satellite cities (Ber-l'etane, Foz-sur-Mer, Marignan, Lavera, La Med, etc.) forms the Marseille urban agglomeration with a population of 1.65 million people (the third after the Paris and Lyon agglomerations). Marseille is one of the most multinational Franks. cities (the largest communities of immigrants from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Comoros, as well as Italy, Turkey, Armenia). An important hub of rail, road, and air communication (including international transit - between Spain and Italy, Switzerland). The most important TGV high-speed railway lines are: Marseille - Lyon - Paris (the expressway runs parallel to it), Marseille - Toulouse - Bordeaux; motorways: Marseille - Montpellier - Toulouse - Bordeaux (to the west of the city), Marseille - Toulon - Nice (to the east). The largest port in France, one of the most important ports of the Mediterranean. Regular ferry service to the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, as well as Algeria and Tunisia. The Marseille–Rhone navigable Canal is connected to the city of Arles (1927; length 81 km; on the Marseille – Port-de-Bouc section, the canal is accessible to ships). Marseille - Provence International Airport (in Marignane, 27 km from Moscow). Metro (1977).

It was founded by the Greeks from the Asia Minor city of Phocea around 600 BC under the name. Massalia, the oldest city in France. Subsequently, Massalia herself brought out a number of colonies on the southern coast of Gaul. Since the end of the 3rd century (Punic Wars) in the sphere of influence of Rome. During the civil war of 49-45 he sided with Pompey, in 49 BC, after a siege, he was captured by Gaius Julius Caesar. It maintained its autonomy until the 2nd century AD. Since the 3rd century, the center of the bishopric (the first known bishop of Marseille, Orezius, participated in the Council of Arles 314). In 476 Marseille as part of Provence went to the Visigoths, after the Battle of Poitiers 507 - to the Ostrogoths, in 536 - to the Franks.

Under the Merovingians, as an important seaport, it was often divided into two parts, which were part of different Frankish kingdoms. In the 8th-11th centuries, due to the strengthening of the Arabs in the Mediterranean, the importance of Marseille as a port fell. In 838 and 923 it was plundered by the Arabs. According to the Treaty of Verdun, 843 became part of the state of Lothair I, with 879 in the kingdom of Arelat. Since the middle of the 10th century. the center of the Marseille viscountcy in the county of Provence. Since the end of the 12th century, the city has been a commune; the first mention of the consuls of Marseille dates back to 1178. In 1252 (finally in 1262) it was subordinated to Count Charles of Anjou (part of the city was controlled by the bishop until 1288) and incorporated into the possessions of the Angevin dynasty.

The main industries are textiles, leather processing, shipbuilding, salt mining. Marseille has suffered greatly from the plague more than once, including in 1348 and 1720-22, when about 60% and 50% of the inhabitants died, respectively. In 1481 it was annexed to France, became the main French port on the Mediterranean Sea (most of the trade with the countries of the East and Africa went through Marseille). In the 16th century, in the conditions of military confrontation with Spain, it was heavily fortified and built up. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, it experienced an economic upswing (associated, among other things, with the opening of the Suez Canal and the beginning of French colonial expansion into North Africa, which in the 16th and 17th centuries. contributed to the special relations of France with the Ottoman Empire).

Since the 16th century, an important center of sugar and soap production. During the Italian Wars in 1524 and 1536 it was besieged by Spanish troops; later it was heavily fortified. During the Religious (Huguenot) wars, he firmly adhered to Catholicism. In 1589 he became a member of the Catholic League. He sought the status of an independent republic; in 1596 he recognized the power of Henry IV. In the middle of the 17th century, one of the centers of the Fronde. In 1660, Marseille was deprived of its privileges; the city became governed by 2 echevens (who had less powers than consuls), the nobles were excluded from elections.

The nobility regained their positions in 1767 with the establishment of an elected mayor's office. At the beginning of the French Revolution of the 18th century. He spoke on the side of the Republicans; a battalion of volunteers formed in Marseille brought the Marseillaise to Paris. In June 1793, with the establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship, Marseille rebelled against the Convention (suppressed in August of the same year). Since 1800, the main city of the department of Bouches-du-Rhone. In the summer of 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon I Bonaparte at Waterloo, the place of mass massacres of Bonapartists. In the 19th century, with the beginning of the French colonial expansion into North Africa and the opening of the Suez Canal, there was an economic boom. At that time, Marseille was the main commercial port of France, an important center of steamship construction. In 1848 it was connected by railway with Avignon, in 1856 with Paris. He supported the Paris Commune of 1871 (22.3-4.4.1871 Marseille had its own commune). During the 2nd World War, from July 1940, it was under the rule of the Vichy government; 12.11.1942-23.8.1944 occupied by German troops, an important center of the Resistance Movement. Since the 1960s, it has been an immigration center from former French colonies.

The Old Town (on the site of the ancient Massalia) is located as an amphitheater around the Old Port, the harbor of which is closed by forts built by L. N. de Clairville and S. de Vauban: Saint-Jean (founded in the 12th-13th centuries; fortified in 1668-71; tower – 1447-52) and Saint-Nicolas (1660-64). The ruins of the ancient Greek theater, Hellenistic and Roman fortifications, port facilities, roads, aqueducts, cisterns have been preserved here. In the southern part of the Old Port, near Fort Saint-Nicolas, there is the Romano-Gothic church of Saint-Victor (c. 1010-40, rebuilt in the 1st floor of the 13th century, transept and choir - mid-14th century; crypt - the beginning of the 5th century).

Behind it on the hill stands the Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Garde in the Romano-Byzantine style (1853-64, designed by architect A. J. Esperandier; the bell tower is crowned by a statue of the Virgin, 1870, sculptor E. L. Leken). In the northern part of the Old Port there are: the old Cathedral of Saint-Marie-Major, dilapidated in the 1850s (11th-12th centuries, on the ruins of the temple of Diana and the baptistery of the 5th century; in the chapel of Saint-Lazare – the sculptural decoration of F. Laurana, 1475-81) and the new Cathedral in La Major in the Romano-Byzantine style (1852-93, architects L. Vaudoyer, Esperandier). On the site of the ancient acropolis, turned into the esplanade of La Tourette, is the Romanesque Church of Saint Laurent (12th-13th centuries; reconstructed in the 17th century). To the north of the Old Port, the bell tower of the Church of Notre Dame des Accoules (13th-14th centuries), the Renaissance Hotel de Cabre (1535) and the Diamond-studded House (1570-76; since 1967, the Museum of Old Marseille), the Baroque City Hall (1653-70, Puget and others), the Vieille Charite orphanage (1671-1749, Puget, etc.) with a Baroque domed chapel in the courtyard ( 1679-1704), a former hospital (Hotel Dieu; reconstructed in the 18th century, designed by J. Ardouin-Mansara) with a monument to Fr. Daumier (sculptor E. A. Bourdelle). Among other architectural monuments: churches - Notre-Dame de la Galline (11th century), Saint-Ferreol (1447-1588, facade - 1874), Saint-Canna (1526-1619, Baroque facade - 1739), Saint-Marie-Madeleine former Carthusian monastery (1680-1702); sanitary orders (1719), Hotel Daviel, former. The Palace of Justice (1743-1747), the Boreli Palace (1766-78), the Opera House building (1786-87, S. Benard; rebuilt in 1921-24 in Art Deco style).

Areas to the east and southeast of the Old Port with straight and wide streets were built up from the middle of the 18th century. In the 19th century, the church of Notre-Dame-du-Mont (1823-24), the Arc de Triomphe (1823-39, architect M. R. Penchot, sculptors P. J. David d'anger, E. J. Ramet), railway station Saint-Charles (1848), former. the Exchange (1852-1860, architect P. K. Cost), the Neo-Gothic Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (1855-88), the lighthouse of Saint-Marie (1855), the new Palace of Justice (1856-62) and the prefecture (1861-67, both F. O. Martin), the Longchamp Palace with a semicircular colonnade, a triumphal arch and a nymphaeum ending the aqueduct (1862-69, architect A. J. Esperandier; sculptors E. L. Lequin, P. J. Cavalier; in the interior – frescoes by P. Puvy de Chavannes, the Palace of Arts (1864-74, arch. Esperandier), the Main Synagogue. Among the buildings of the 1st half of the 20th century: the Fish Exchange building (1909, since 1981 the National Theater), the neo-baroque Cantini fountain (1913); the Sacre Coeur Basilica (1920-47), the Saint-Joseph Hospital (1921).

The picturesque embankment of President J. F. Kennedy in the south is connected to the motorway leading to the resorts of the Cote d'Azur.

After the 2nd World War, the partially destroyed area of the Old Port was built up (1949-54, architect O. Perret and others), a residential building was built (1947-52, Le Corbusier), the Joliet Marine Station (1953), the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Marseille (1959, R. Egger), a military hospital (1960-63, P. Forestier), a Radio House (early 1960s); residential buildings, including "Brazil" (1957-1967, F. Bukobza). In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the buildings of the regional administration (1984-91) and the department (1990-1993), the Higher National School of Dance (1992, R. Simune), the concert hall "Dome" (1994, O. Keyrak), Department Archive (2006). Among the parks of Marseille are Faro (with the palace of Emperor Napoleon III, 1855-58), Amabel-Chanot (with Palaces of Exhibitions and Congresses), Pierre Puget (with cascades and an antique triumphal column on the Roquefavour aqueduct).

On the islands of the Frioul archipelago, near Marseille, there is the castle of If on the island of the same name (1524-31, the outer wall – the end of the 16th century; since 1634 a prison, now a museum); on the island of. Ratonno - Karolin Hospital (1828) and a chapel in the neoclassical style. Among the monuments: To the fallen soldiers of the Eastern Army (1927, architect G. Castel), Repatriates from the North. Africa (1971, sculptor Cesar).

Marseille is one of the largest French centers of science and culture, the second most important medical research center in the country (after Paris). Among the scientific institutions are the Astronomical Observatory (1702), the Fresnel Institute (1999, research in the field of photonics of electromagnetism and signal and image processing), the Institute of Developmental Biology (2006), the Marseille Institute of Motion, the Laboratory of Scientific Information Systems of the J. McLeod Institute of Modeling Sciences (USA), a number of laboratories of the National Center for Scientific Research (Paris). The Lumini Science and Technology Park (fundamental and applied research in physics, mathematics, mechanics and computer science, as well as biology and biotechnology), the Saint-Jerome and Chateau-Gomber research centers (include research laboratories in the field of exact sciences - mechanics, physics, chemistry, electronics, computer science and engineering), the National Center for Research in Mechanics and Energy, the Center for Microelectronic, Optical and Photonic Research. The University of Marseille, the National School of Maritime Trade, the Linguistic Institute and others. Municipal Library (1800). City cultural and educational center "Alcazar" (including a public library, opened in 2004).

Museums - in their number (more than 20), Moscow is second only to Paris - : Fine Arts (since 1801; Europe. painting and graphics) and natural history (1869) – both in the Longchamp Palace; archeology of the Mediterranean (1861; ancient Egyptian department, departments of classical antiquity and regional archaeology; sculpture from the Celto-Ligurian sanctuary of Rokepertuza) and Art from Africa, Oceania and America (both in the ensemble of the shelter "Vieille Charite"), European and Mediterranean civilizations (1879), religious art (1911), Coffin-Labadieu (1926; painting and decorative– applied art), marine (1933; in the former building of the exchange), Cantini (1936; located in the Montgrand Hotel, 1694; collection of furniture, ceramics, tapestries), antique trade (on the site of the ancient Roman docks; 1963, ceramics of the 6th century BC - 4th century AD: amphorae for wine, grain, oil; mosaic of the 3rd century), fashion (1989), motor transport (1989), modern art (2003), faience (in the Pastre Palace), history of Marseille (in the shopping center Centre Bourse; at the museum – archaeological park).

Turski Theatre (1970), National Theatre (1981). The Opera House (1787; the opera company was founded in 1685; the modern name is "Opera municipal de Marseille"). National Ballet of Marseille (1972). Concerts of classical and contemporary music are organized by the National Center for Musical Creativity (GMEM), the Musical Society (including the Chamber Music Society), the Goethe Institute, the Italian Institute, as well as the G. Faure Choir. The "Music Town" ("Cité de la musique") includes a Music and Computer Science Laboratory, an Experimental Music Group, and a Musical Improvisation Research Group.

Annually held: the Festival of books (Festival of French literature, since 1982, in Marseille since 2003), FIDMarseille documentary (since 1990), festivals - Russian theater and cinema (since 1996; as part of the Festival of Arts), religious music (since 1995, in the church of Saint-Michel), "loud music" "Marsatak" (1999), jazz (Festival de Jazz des 5 continents; since 2000); Marseille Fair, etc. Botanical Garden. Aquarium. Zoo.

Famous football club "Olympic" (founded in 1899) - 9-time champion of France (1937-2010), winner (1993) and finalist (1991) of the UEFA Champions League, 2-time finalist of the UEFA Cup (1999, 2004); performs at the Velodrome stadium (1937; St. 60 thousand seats), where the Rugby World Cup matches were held in 2007. Among the other most popular sports are sailing, windsurfing, golf, rugby.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Marseille is a dynamically developing city, whose economy is dominated by the service sector (mainly trade and tourism, transport and logistics, science and education, IT technologies). The urban agglomeration of Marseille is one of the most important industrial centers of the country, where the dominant importance of port activities, oil refining and petrochemicals remains; ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering (shipbuilding and ship repair, aircraft construction), the food industry, and the production of building materials are also important. Most of the large production facilities are located in the port area.

Marseille is one of the major centers of tourism, including cruise (about 640 thousand cruise ship passengers, 2019). Tourists are attracted by the historical and architectural monuments of the city, favorable climate and numerous resorts of the Cote d'Azur (Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur region ranks 1st in France in terms of the number of domestic tourists and 2nd in terms of the number of foreign tourists). The berths of the Old Port are now used for private pleasure, fishing and sports vessels; the fish market of Marseille is one of the city's attractions. Business tourism is of great importance (various conferences, congresses, and other international events are traditionally held in the city. events; the Marseille Bureau of Congresses was established in 1998 to organize them). In the city there are about 5,9 thousand retail establishments with an annual turnover of 500 million euros (the largest is the shopping center Centre Bourse). B. ch. prom. the enterprises are small, focused on serving the needs of the city; to the beginning. 21st century. part of the industrial capacity was moved outside of Moscow, their premises (including within the Old Port) were rebuilt as a shopping and entertainment center. malls, restaurants and bars, offices, etc.

Transport and logistics services are of great importance. International. Marseille – Provence Airport is one of the five largest in the country (about 7.3 million passengers and 48.7 million tons of cargo, 2019). Marseille is home to the head office of CMA CGM, one of the world's largest sea carriers and logistics service providers (ranks 3rd in terms of the number of ships and the fleet of sea containers). The port complex of Marseille is the largest in the country, accounting for more than 1/4 of the cargo passing through French ports. Cargo turnover is 86 million tons, including 0.88 million tons. TEU containers (5th place in the EU countries after Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg and Amsterdam, 2010); more than 70% of cargo is oil and petroleum products. On the basis of imported oil, a large oil refining industry has grown (the total refining capacity is more than 20 million tons per year, or more than 1/5 of the French capacity), and the petrochemical industry. Petrochemist. the complexes operate in Lavera (one of the leading in Europe, owned by INEOS; the refinery is one of the largest in the country; the main petrochemical products are polyethylene and polypropylene; in total, more than 2 million tons of products per year) and Fos-sur-Mer (ExxonMobil), refineries in La Med (Total) and Ber-Ethan (Royal Dutch Shell). There is a large metallurgical plant in Fos-sur-Mer (owned by ArcelorMittal; about 3.8 million tons of products in 2017, mainly hot-rolled steel, steel sheet for the automotive industry, etc.; most of the products are exported, mainly to Spain, Italy, Turkey). The headquarters and production facilities of the Eurocopter company (as part of the EADS Company, the production of military and civilian helicopters) are located in Marignane; the production of firefighting aircraft (EADS) has been established. Traditional ship repair and shipbuilding (among the profile companies is the French Nahema, which builds catamaran yachts). Development and production of equipment for deep-sea operations (COMEX–PRO company is one of the world leaders in the production of small-sized controlled underwater vehicles, mobile diving kits, etc.), diving equipment (Beuchat company – wetsuits, etc.). Production of equipment for metallurgy (Termolli company), building materials (Lafarge - cement, ceramic tiles, etc.). Glass, textile, food-flavoring enterprises (sugar, fruit and vegetable canning, refining of olive oil, production of alcoholic beverages, etc.) industry. Traditional soap production.

In the vicinity there are olive plantations, vineyards; lavender, vegetables, fruits are grown.

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